Frontal sinus fractures are of surgical importance because of the microbial flora covering the frontal air sinus and it's proximity with the duramater and brain. There is an increased risk of meningitis when fracture of the posterior wall of the frontal sinus is associated with a dural tear. In this condition, communication occurs between the contaminated space of the air sinus and the intr...

Jean-Baptiste Bélanger (1790–1874) worked as a hydraulic engineer at the beginning of his career. He developed the backwater equation to calculate the freesurface profile of gradually varied, steady open channel flow. He also introduced the concept of critical flow and the numerical technique called the direct step method. Later, as an academic staff member at the leading French engineering sch...

In this article we discuss important discoveries in relation to the anatomy and physiology of the ear from Renaissance to present. Before the Renaissance, there was a paucity of knowledge of the anatomy of the ear, because of the relative inaccessibility of the temporal bone and the general perception that human dissections should not be conducted. It was not until the sixteenth century that th...

This is an account of a series of lectures of Graham Higman on januarials, namely coset graphs for actions of triangle groups which become 2-face maps when embedded in orientable surfaces. Spilt Milk We that have done and thought, That have thought and done, Must ramble, and thin out Like milk spilt on a stone. The Nineteenth Century and After Though the great song return no more There’s keen d...

In lieu of an abstract, below is the essay's first paragraph. The formation of class structure is often dependent upon a set of criteria that reveals divisions between individuals. The old model of class ranking within England during the nineteenth century favored a rigid structure reliant on occupational differences. A new model began to take shape during the end of the century that relied on ...

King devotes four chapters to those physicians who struggled to make sense out of the bewildering phenomena of febrile diseases so prevalent during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. He examines the writings of William Cullen, Benjamin Rush, Henry Clutterbuck, Fran9ois Broussais, Charles Caldwell, John Armstrong, Nathan Smith and many others. A strength of these chapters is King's attenti...

In The modem rise ofpopulation (1976), Thomas McKeown questioned the efficacy of medical intervention and public health measures in reducing mortality. Instead, he attributed the nineteenth-century decline in mortality from infectious disease mainly to improved nutrition and a rising standard of living, both of which increased general immunity to disease. He acknowledged that public health meas...

In a quotation which opens the very first section of Kenneth Allen de Ville's magnificent work "Medical Malpractice in Nineteenth-Century America" [1], the author cites J.R. Weist's 1884 observation on the malpractice law suits of the time, that the "remedy of these evils in the profession involves many and grave problems in sociology which I cannot now stop to consider" [2]. He might well have...

Barrett, looks highly competent, but he appears to have had little business, and may have gone for a time to Jamaica (p. 74). In 1764, however, he was back in London, working once again on the interminable Gravid uterus project. In 1778, he and his (bastard?) son Andries published a book of engravings after curiosities of natural history in the British Museum, the Museum Britannicum, in the tex...