Multicast transmission is one of the major goals for Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) that motivated the 3 Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to launch the Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS) framework. MBMS constitutes a significant step towards the so-called Mobile Broadband, since it allows the efficient utilization of network and radio resources. One of most imp...

In this study, we present a 4T (transmit) 4R (receive) base station antenna for 5G. Furthermore design, manufacture, and analyze phase-adjustable antennas that allow four RF signals supplied from the equipment to match phase of each ports antenna. The bandwidth was designed based on 5G band (3,400~3,700 MHz) used by three mobile telecommunication companies. radiation element is configured suppl...

In modern computer transmission networks the information is transferred by non-cable and cable communication channels, the latter are divided into three fundamental classes: cables on the basis of twisted pairs, coaxial cables and fiber optic communication channels. The fiber optic channels are unidirectional, therefore the full connectivity of a network can be achieved with the help of double ...

Today the vast majority of telecommunication and Internet messages are sent along fiber optic cables buried underground. Binary data (encoded as a sequence of pulses of light) may travel thousands of kilometers to reach its final destination. The fibers that are used for this data transfer necessarily contain manufacturing impurities that lead to fast and slow polarization states for the propag...

Using video technology in telecommunication systems poses spatial orientation problems because participants have a window onto each other’s space, rather than sharing one space. These problems can be overcome using immersive virtual reality in which remote participants are represented as avatars. Because of the challenges involved in capturing eyegaze reliably and problems of loss in transmissi...