Incorporating new altimeter data from CryoSat-2 (30 months), Envisat (18 months), and Jason-1 (7 months) satellites into an updated marine gravity field yields significant reduction in noise and improved resolution. Compared to an older gravity field that did not include the new altimeter data, incoherent power is reduced globally by approximately 2.9 dB at 15 km, 1.6 dB at 20 km, and 1.0 dB at...

The resolutions of current global altimetric gravity models and mean sea surface are around 12 km wavelength resolving 6 features, for many years it has been difficult to improve the resolution further in a systematic way. For both Jason 1 2, Geodetic Mission (GM) carried out as part Extension-of-Life phase. GM Jason-1 lasted 406 days. Jason-2 was planned provide ground-tracks with spacing 4 af...

The launch of the satellite GRACE heralds a new era of high precision, time-varying, satellite measurements of the Earth's gravity field. An important aspect of the mission is to consider how the predicted high-accuracy gravity data might be validated. Two kinds of validation have been proposed; the first is internal, whereby the data are modeled for self – consistency to verify the internal ac...

The European Space Agency has recently announced to progress from low Earth orbit missions on the International Space Station to other mission scenarios such as exploration of the Moon or Mars. Therefore, the Moon is considered to be the next likely target for European human space explorations. Compared to microgravity (μg), only very little is known about the physiological effects of exposure ...

Space synthetic biology is a branch of biotechnology dedicated to engineering biological systems for space exploration, industry and science. There is significant public and private interest in designing robust and reliable organisms that can assist on long-duration astronaut missions. Recent work has also demonstrated that such synthetic biology is a feasible payload minimization and life supp...

We examine Friedmann–Robertson–Walker models in three spacetime dimensions. The matter content of the models is composed of a perfect fluid, with a γ-law equation of state, and a homogeneous scalar field minimally coupled to gravity with a self-interacting potential whose energy density red-shifts as a−2ν , where a denotes the scale factor. Cosmological solutions are presented for different ran...

Prolonged microgravity exposure disrupts bone, muscle, and cardiovascular homeostasis, sensory-motor coordination, immune function, and behavioral performance. Bone loss, in particular, remains a serious impediment to the success of exploration-class missions by increasing the risks of bone fracture and renal stone formation for crew members. Current countermeasures, consisting primarily of res...