This document specifies Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links (TRILL) Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) fault management. Methods in this document follow the CFM (Connectivity Fault Management) framework defined in IEEE 802.1 and reuse OAM tools where possible. Additional messages and TLVs are defined for TRILLspecific applications or for cases where a different set of in...

Penelitian ini dimaksudkan sebagai studi awal untuk mengetahui implikasi disartria fonem /r/ trill terhadap kualitas konsonan lainnya yang diproduksi pada tempat artikulasi sama. dirancang menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif-kualitatif deskriptif dengan metode lapangan. Data berupa dan vokal dihasilkan oleh 4 sampel non-disartria dikumpulkan simak. terkumpul kemudian dianalisis padan ekstralingu...

Rats emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in a variety of contexts, and it is increasingly clear that USVs reflect more complex information than mere positive and negative affect states. We sought to examine USVs in a common model of addiction and relapse, the self-administration/reinstatement paradigm, in order to gain insight into subjective states experienced by rats during various types of ...

The neural circuits underlying divergent courtship behaviors of closely related species provide a framework for insight into the evolution of motor patterns. In frogs, male advertisement calls serve as unique species identifiers and females prefer conspecific to heterospecific calls. Advertisement calls of three relatively recently (∼8.5 Mya) diverged species - Xenopus laevis, X. petersii and X...

Female songbirds are thought to assess males based on aspects of song, such as repertoire size or amount of singing, that could potentially provide information about male quality. A relatively unexplored aspect of song that also might serve as an assessment signal is a male’s ability to perform physically challenging songs. Trilled songs, such as those produced by swamp sparrows (Melospiza geor...

Vocalizations of Xenopus laevis are generated by central pattern generators (CPGs). The advertisement call of male X. laevis is a complex biphasic motor rhythm consisting of fast and slow trills (a train of clicks). We found that the trill rate of these advertisement calls is sensitive to temperature and that this rate modification of the vocal rhythms originates in the central pattern generato...

The class of sounds classified under the umbrella term “rhotic” demonstrate considerable variability across, languages, dialects, and speech styles. This is no exception in Spanish, where rhotics have received attention. Among dialects pronunciation Costa Rican Spanish a highly salient feature this variety, standard trill /r/ tap /ɾ/ are often assibilated or realized as fricatives. A number stu...

Within bird species, songs differ in their attractiveness to females or effectiveness in male–male interactions. Some songs are more difficult to sing than others, and receivers may use a singer’s performance of difficult songs as a means for evaluating the quality of the singer. The concept of song performance aims at quantifying how physiologically demanding are different songs. Using variati...