Urban and rural places are integrated through economic ties and population flows. Despite their integration, most studies of road safety dichotomize urban and rural places, and studies have consistently demonstrated that rural places are more dangerous for motorists than urban places. Our study investigates whether these findings are sensitive to the definition of urban and rural. We use three ...

BACKGROUND There has been much debate as to whether quality points allocated through the new general medical services contract are more difficult to achieve for practices in deprived and rural areas. We used multiple regression to assess the relationships between deprivation, rurality and the number of overall quality points achieved by each practice. Multiple deprivation was significantly inve...

Rapid urbanization and rapid urban growth present great challenges to the sustainable utilization of land resources. This paper discusses the on-going process of construction-to-ecological land conversion (CELC) in terms of three aspects: land use, environmental effects, and system responses. CELC is compared to other current land conversion strategies in China. Taking Shenzhen City as an examp...

BACKGROUND While essential medicines have been made more available in all but the most remote areas in low and middle income countries (L/MICs) over the past years, inappropriate and incorrect use of good quality medicines remains a key impediment for public health. In addition, as medicines have a potential to cause harm (medicine risks), adequate awareness by medicine users of the risks of ad...

Using results from the ethnographic literature and two qualitative studies on people’s representations of different means of birth control (abstinence, contraception, abortion) in two populations in Burkina Faso (one rural and one urban), we designed a multidimensional quantitative scale to measure individuals’ attitudes towards varied means of birth control. We applied it in two representative...

BACKGROUND Paragonimiasis have previously been reported in two zones of the Southwest Province of Cameroon including the Kupe mountain and Mundani foci. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and epidemiology of paragonimiasis in the peri-urban zone of Kumba, Meme Division, located about 50 km away from the Kupe mountain focus. METHODS Pupils of several government primary schoo...

Previous studies looking at the effect of long working hours on mental health have been plagued by the high degree of self-selection of those who work long hours. In this paper we use a new survey of rural-to-urban migration in China which uses the fact that migrants are effectively allowed only temporarily in the cities, meaning that those who must return to poorer villages have greater incent...

BACKGROUND Photoscreening and remote autorefraction showed promise in the urban "Vision in PreSchoolers Study." We transported a comparative screening with confirmation program to a remote part of interior Alaska. METHODS Eighty children from villages in the Koyukon region received onsite three-pronged vision screening followed by gold-standard confirmatory exams. Each had patched HOTV acuity...