Awareness of the importance of spatial data in achieving development strategies is high in Rwanda. Government and non-governmental institutions are aspiring to use Geographic Information Technologies (GITs) in their day-to-day activities. The non-existence of a National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) in Rwanda brings to light serious issues for consideration. Still lacking is a spatial data...

The hypothetical allocative efficiency of fiscal federalism and its potential welfare impact have fueled the increased authority subnational governments experienced in most countries around world. This research sheds light on important aspects developmental outcome which hitherto either not been explored or obscured by exclusive use GDP growth as empirical measure development previous studies. ...

We initiate a systematic study to provide upper bounds on device-independent keys, secure against nonsignaling adversary (NSDI). employ the idea of ``squashing'' secrecy monotones and show that squashed are NSDI key. Our technique for obtaining is based analog quantum purification: complete extension. As an important instance bound, we construct measure nonlocality called ``squashed nonlocality...

Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is a long term, evolving process without a priori known results. Different countries try to develop a National SDI (NSDI) not always with a successful outcome. Although the successes are presented thoroughly (e.g. SDI best practice), it is equally important to highlight unsuccessful efforts in order to comprehensively examine different aspects of the SDI develo...

The National Map is the U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS) next-generation topographic mapping product. This concept aims to achieve a more effective and regenerative public mapping program through local participation, inter-agency data sharing, and integration. This ambitious endeavor faces many significant challenges to its implementation, however. The Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) wa...