Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are considered as a promising tool for future monitoring, protection and control of power systems. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed in order to determine the optimal number and locations of PMUs to make the power system observable. The PMU placement problem is formulated as a binary integer linear programming, in which the binary decision variables (0,...

Abstract: Data from phasor measurement units (PMUs) may be exploited to provide steady state information to the applications which require it. As PMU measurements may contain errors and missing data, the paper presents the application of a Kalman Filter technique for real-time data processing. PMU data captures the power system’s response at different time-scales, which are generated by differe...

The phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement problem is revisited by taking into account a stronger characterization of the electrical connectedness between various buses in the grid. To facilitate this study, the placement problem is approached from the perspective of the electrical structure which, unlike previous work on PMU placement, accounts for the sensitivity between power injections and...

This paper describes a heuristic approach for optimal placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs) in power system for improving state estimation accuracy. PMUs are able to measure highly accurate bus voltage phasors as well as branch current phasors incident to the buses at which PMUs are installed. Due to cost consideration of PMU placement, power grid utilities are interested in the knowledg...

PURPOSE Inflammation generates changes in the protein constituents of the aqueous humor. Proteins that change in multiple models of uveitis may be good biomarkers of disease or targets for therapeutic intervention. The present study was conducted to identify differentially-expressed proteins in the inflamed aqueous humor. METHODS Two models of uveitis were induced in Lewis rats: experimental ...

Nowadays, about 12% of the European and 20% of the US population are tattooed. Rising concerns regarding consumer safety, led to legal restrictions on tattoo and permanent make-up (PMU) inks. Restrictions also include bans on certain colourants. Both ink types use organic pigments for colour-giving, plus inorganic pigments for white and black and colour tones. Pigments are only sparingly solubl...

سابقه و هدف: به ­دلیل توسعه رشد جمعیت انسان، نیاز انسان منابع ضروری افزایش یافته است. فعالیت‌های مربوط صنایع همچنین کشاورزی به­ طور گسترده‌ای زمین‌های را آلوده کرده ترکیبات نفتی فلزات سنگین هر دو از آلاینده‌های رایج موجود در خاک‌هایی هستند که با فاضلاب تصفیه نشده آبیاری شده‌اند سلامت محیط زیست خطر مواجه می‌کنند. آلودگی خاک می‌تواند سبب کاهش امکان زراعت، نهایت تولید غذا برای شود. جنوب شهر تهران ...

BACKGROUND Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal form of brain tumor. Efficient DNA repair and anti-apoptotic mechanisms are making glioma treatment difficult. Proteases such as MMP9, cathepsin B and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) are over expressed in gliomas and contribute to enhanced cancer cell proliferation. Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair mechanism pla...