the safavid era (1501–1736 ad) was the threshold of spreading security and welfare in the iranian society. the era provided the chance for the talented to set steps for advancement. one of the characters in the history of persian medicine who achieved successes in the shadow of the existing peace and security during the safavid empire was hakim imad al-din mahmud shirazi . while he was minister...

The precipitation variations of Longxi area, northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau since AD 960 are reconstructed from Chinese historical documentary records. These records show that since AD 960, the precipitation of Longxi decreased and reached the lowest level at the end of the 17th and the 18th centuries. After this period, the precipitation gradually increased. The three short wet period...

During archaeological excavations in 2012 human skeletal remains were recovered from two sites in Läänemaa: four 16th–17th centuries skeletons from Ehte Street in the town of Haapsalu and two Late Iron Age (12th–13th cc.) skeletons from the Maidla grave-field. The skeletal data from Läänemaa are scanty, thus anthropological analyses of these occasionally found remains were conducted and some ch...

apart expressing the cause of the reflection of light from the surface of polished objects, ibn al-haytham in his al-manāẓir claims that the acceptance or rejection of light by these objects is only due to their polished surfaces and have nothing to do with their solidity, because the reflection of light from the surface of soft polished objects such as water is also possible. kamāl al-dīn al-f...

Research objectives: The aim of the study is to analyze history city Kasimov, show its development, and explore issues chronology localization individual urban areas. materials: Archaeological research data, written cartographic sources, previously published works on this issue. Results scientific novelty: This article deals with medieval Kasimov. was capital Kasimov Khanate from middle 15th en...