RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful method to generate loss-of-function phenotypes. Plasmid vectors with RNA polymerase III promoters have been developed to express short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) in mammalian cells. In order to optimize the efficiency of these vectors in embryonic stem (ES) cells, we have constructed and tested several plasmids, based on the H1 promoter; that direct the expressi...

observed at HERA by the H1 collaboration was announced more than 10 years ago [1]. An excess of HERA I events above a priori expectations (not confirmed by ZEUS, where the analysis was performed in a more restricted phase space, see [2]) has given rise to many speculations on physics beyond the Standard Model. These events continued to appear in runs at HERA II. Both H1 and ZEUS have recently p...

The main theorem of this paper states that ifM is a closed orientable hyperbolic 3-manifold of volume at most 3.08, then the dimension of H1(M ;Z2) is at most 7, and that it is at most 6 unless M is “strange.” To say that a closed, orientable 3-manifold M , for which H1(M ;Z2) has dimension 7, is strange means that the Z2-vector space H1(M ;Z2) has a 2-dimensional subspace X such that for every...

During Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection CD4+ T cells in the gastric lamina propria are hyporesponsive and polarized by Th1/Th17 cell responses controlled by Treg cells. We have previously shown that H. pylori upregulates B7-H1 expression on GEC, which, in turn, suppress T cell proliferation, effector function, and induce Treg cells in vitro. In this study, we investigated the underlyin...

BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DC) can act tolerogenic at a semi-mature stage by induction of protective CD4(+) T cell and NKT cell responses. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we studied the role of the co-inhibitory molecule B7-H1 (PD-L1, CD274) on semi-mature DC that were generated from bone marrow (BM) cells of B7-H1(-/-) mice and applied to the model of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomy...

<!-- .article-title, .h1-h2-after, .h1, .h1-references, .bib-doi { color:#2d7db5; } white-space:nowrap; .h1-references font-size:1.6rem; line-height:1.5em; font-weight:700; margin:0 0 0.5em 0; .h1-h2-after margin-bottom:0; .h2, .

Many different culture systems have been developed for expanding human pluripotent stem cells (hESCs and hiPSCs). In general, 4-10 ng/ml of bFGF is supplemented in culture media in feeder-dependent systems regardless of feeder cell types, whereas in feeder-free systems, up to 100 ng/ml of bFGF is required for maintaining long-term culture on various substrates. The amount of bFGF required in na...