An intense flux of ions and electrons from the jovian magnetosphere both alters and erodes Europa’s surface, producing a tenuous atmosphere. This chapter discusses the physical processes that create and remove the atmosphere, such as ion erosion (sputtering), radiation-induced chemical alteration of the surface (radiolysis), and atmospheric loss processes such as ionization and pickup. Special ...

D. Brunner, J. Staehelin, H. L. Rogers, M. O. Köhler, J. A. Pyle, D. Hauglustaine, L. Jourdain, T. K. Berntsen, M. Gauss, I. S. A. Isaksen, E. Meijer, P. van Velthoven, G. Pitari, E. Mancini, V. Grewe, and R. Sausen Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Switzerland Centre for Atmospheric Science, Cambridge University, UK Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de L’Environnem...

Measurements of atmospheric temperature, pressure, water vapor, and composition are important to users in the Earth science, defense, and intelligence communities. Nanosatellites (with mass < 10 kg, such as CubeSats) can support miniaturized instruments for atmospheric sounding and characterization. Nanosatellite constellations can improve spatial and temporal weather sensor coverage of Earth a...

D. Brunner, J. Staehelin, H. L. Rogers, M. O. Köhler, J. A. Pyle, D. A. Hauglustaine, L. Jourdain, T. K. Berntsen, M. Gauss, I. S. A. Isaksen, E. Meijer, P. van Velthoven, G. Pitari, E. Mancini, V. Grewe, and R. Sausen Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland Centre for Atmospheric Science, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et ...

Mass analysis using laser electrospray mass spectrometry (LEMS) is demonstrated for the detection of trace samples of explosives at atmospheric pressure directly from a substrate. A non-resonant femtosecond duration laser pulse vaporizes native samples at atmospheric pressure for subsequent electrospray ionization and transfer into a mass spectrometer. LEMS was used to detect < 1 µg of 2,3-dime...

Density, viscosity and refractive index of pure, binary and ternary mixtures of diethanolamine (DEA) and methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) with water have been measured at different temperatures from 288.15 K to 323.15 K at atmospheric pressure. Also, this study presents the effects of mixture composition and temperature upon these thermo- physical properties. To measure the density and refractive i...

[1] Methyl bromide (CH3Br) constitutes the largest source of bromine atoms to the stratosphere and plays an important role in stratospheric ozone depletion. However, the CH3Br atmospheric budget remains uncertain. We report the first measurements of stable carbon isotope ratios for atmospheric CH3Br and explore the constraints they provide for the atmospheric budget. The measured dC of CH3Br ra...

The development of life on Earth is believed to have resulted in permanent changes in the composition of the atmosphere. A search for atmospheric biosignatures is one of the major objectives of the powerful telescopes currently being designed to search for terrestrial extrasolar planets. In our own solar system, Mars is considered one of the best candidates for the development of life. However,...

This contribution to the Spot-On volume considers the magnitude and composition of atmospheric nitrogen inputs to the oceans and then goes on to consider the impacts of these inputs. Effects in open ocean and coastal areas are probably different. Offshore atmospheric inputs may produce a small enhancement of overall ocean productivity and hence CO2 drawdown. In coastal waters atmospheric inputs...

[1] Large (>2 mm diameter) HNO3-containing polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) particles were measured in situ by the NOAA NOy instrument on board the NASA ER-2 aircraft during seven flights in the 1999/2000 Arctic winter vortex. Here we discuss the detection of these large PSC particles, their spatial distribution, the ambient conditions under which they were detected, and our methods for interpre...