Taxonomic identification of pollen has historically been accomplished via light microscopy but requires specialized knowledge and reference collections, particularly when identification to lower taxonomic levels is necessary. Recently, next-generation sequencing technology has been used as a cost-effective alternative for identifying bee-collected pollen; however, this novel approach has not be...

The National Bee Unit, part of the Central Science Laboratory (an executive agency of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Defra) has been developing novel techniques for detection of bee pathogens. Two different methods are under examination, an antibody-based test for identification of foulbrood diseases for use in the field, and a nucleotide-based laboratory test for virus...

Two species of Spiroplasma (Mollicutes) bacteria were isolated from and described as pathogens of the European honey bee, Apis mellifera, ~30 years ago but recent information on them is lacking despite global concern to understand bee population declines. Here we provide a comprehensive survey for the prevalence of these two Spiroplasma species in current populations of honey bees using improve...

Numerous methods exist for molecular-based detection of Nosema ceranae. Here we determine location of parasite loads, the optimal tissue for pathogen detection, and the likely sources of variability among assays. Bee washes and head/thorax samples revealed substantial N. ceranae loads (2.67×10(4)±1.12×10(4) and 1.83×10(4)±4.14×10(3)). Midgut samples carried the highest parasite loads (3.42×10(6...

The aim of this study was to explore the serum peptide profiles from honeybee stung and non-stung individuals. Two groups of serum samples obtained from 27 beekeepers were included in our study. The first group of samples was collected within 3 h after a bee sting (stung beekeepers), and the samples were collected from the same person a second time after at least six weeks after the last bee st...

In 2002 a field survey was initiated in French apiaries in order to monitor the health of honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera L.). Studied apiaries were evenly distributed across five sites located in continental France. Beeswax samples were collected once a year over 2 years from a total of 125 honey bee colonies. Multiresidue analyses were performed on these samples in order to identify residu...

Honey bee virus prevalence data are an essential prerequisite for managing epidemic events in a population. A survey study was carried out for seven viruses in colonies representing a healthy Danish honey bee population. In addition, colonies from apiaries with high level Varroa infestation or high level of winter mortality were also surveyed. Results from RT-qPCR showed a considerable differen...

In this research, effect of bee pollen supplement on antimicrobial, chemical, rheological, sensorial properties and probiotic viability of fermented milk beverages was studied. Bee pollens were added in the rate of 2.5 mg·mL-1 (B), 5 mg·mL-1 (C), 7.5 mg·mL-1 (D), 10 mg·mL-1 (E), and 20 mg·mL-1 (F). Control sample (A) was not supplemented with bee pollen. Control and supplemented milk samples we...

Two different honey bee subspecies’ genotypes obtained from Ordu, Apiculture Research Institute were analyzed by SNP markers using Real-Time PCR-HRM. Genomic DNA samples analysed with 10 primers those used for identification of chalkbrood disease resistance genes and two genom sequencing. Result analyses, four (AMB-00858574, AMB-01151447, AMB00631190, AMB-00686140) amplified in Caucasian six AM...