The durability of a control method for plant protection is defined as the persistence of its efficacy in space and time. It depends on (i) the selection pressure exerted by it on populations of plant pathogens and (ii) on the capacity of these pathogens to adapt to the control method. Erosion of effectiveness of conventional plant protection methods has been widely studied in the past. For exam...

The regulation of import and release of invertebrate biological control agents is not harmonized yet in Europe. Each country has its own regulatory system in place that is legally based on either the nature protection and/or the Plant Protection Act. The publication of the FAO Code of Conduct in 1996 for import and release of exotic biological control agents was the turning-point for the activi...

parasitoids of the genus, trichogramma are the most widely used natural enemies for biological control of pests worldwide. the presence of flowering plants can improve efficiency of biological control agents by supplying sugar resource for parasitoids. in this study, two experiments were performed under laboratory condition (at 25±1ºc, 60±10% rh and a photoperiod 16l:8d), to evaluate the effect...

While confirming establishment, prevalence and abundance of released agents over space and time is a crucial milestone for any biological control Post-release impact evaluation is crucial to understanding the overall success rate of a biological control program. Here the effects of grazing, herbicides and biological control agents (Longitarsus echii and Mogulones larvatus) are being monitored o...

background: dengue is amongst the most serious mosquito-borne infectious disease with hot spots in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. unfortunately, no licensed vaccine for the disease is currently available in medicine markets. the only option available is the management of dengue vector mosquito, aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae). method: predatory potential of five odonate nymphs ...

chromatomyia horticola (goureau) (diptera: agromyzidae) is a highly polyphagous leaf miner that causes severe damage to different crops. sampling on the alysiinae (braconidae) parasitoids of c. horticola was performed at various locations of kermanshah province during 2009–2010. infested leaves of host plants bearing the larvae and puparia of c. horticola were collected and placed inside the pl...

the chitinase producing ability of pseudomonas fluorescens strains viz., pf1, pb2 and fp7 was evaluated in a culture medium with and without a chitin source. the addition of 1% (v/v) chitin in culture medium significantly increased the bacterial population and chitinase activity. among three strains tested, fp7 responded well to the addition of chitin by producing 31.2% increased chitinase in c...