People not only care about outcomes, they also value the procedures which lead to the outcomes. Procedural utility is a potentially important source of human well-being. This paper aims at introducing the concept of procedural utility into economics, and argues that it should be incorporated more widely into economic theory and empirical research. Three building blocks of a concept of procedura...

In this editorial, the importance of VBNC in clinical practice and future researches interests has been pinpointed. Accurate detection of VBNC, especially for major mentioned pathogens, is the future research gap. 

It is a well known fact that if C is an [n, k, d] formally self-dual even code with n > 30, then d ≤ 2[n/8]. A formally self-dual even code with d = 2[n/8] is called nearextremal. Kim and Pless [9] conjecture that there does not exist a near-extremal formally self dual even (not Type II) code of length n ≥ 48 with 8|n. In this paper, we prove that if n ≥ 72 and 8|n, then there is no near-extrem...

A detailed discussion of the point in polygon problem for arbitrary polygons is given. Two concepts for solving this problem are known in literature: the even-odd rule and the winding number, the former leading to ray-crossing, the latter to angle summation algorithms. First we show by mathematical means that both concepts are very closely related, thereby developing a first version of an algor...