Wide-ranging sociological studies have been conducted on the history of Iranian intellectuality and modernism. The findings jointly acknowledge that due to communication with the West and following the effects that was received from modernism, the first generation of Iranian intellectualism was emerged. It is said that having benefited from the translated works in its general concept, i.e. incl...

one of the most important institutions of a city is hospital as it is directly involved with life of the citizens. this review article aimed to study the circumstance of establishing newer hospitals in isfahan city, iran, which was started in late qajar dynasty era with a pause during the constitutional era and was extended to reza shah pahlavi in its modern form. the main references for this s...

Nasuh, Known as Matrakci was a miniature painter who accompanied King Suleiman Kanuni during hiscampaign to Iran in 940-42 AH/1533-36 AD and he has drawn many miniature from lots of Iranian cities including Khoy, Tabriz, Zanjan, Soltaniyeh, Hamedan, and Ghasre Shirin to Baghdad and Shahre Zur, Baneh, Bukan, Maraghe. Being capital during one part of the Safavid dynasty and in the other part as t...

the political and social system involved in the limbo between tradition and modernity of the qajar era caused widespread and quick developments in iranian culture, art, and architecture as well as a challenge between tradition and modernity. relatively numerous palaces built in this era were signs of greatness and distinction-seeking of the qajar kings and aristocrats, who embraced all transfor...

Abstract Present day Beijing developed on the urban layout of Ming capital, founded in 1420 over former city Dadu, Yuan dynasty capital. The planning aimed at conveying a key political message, namely that ruling was charge Mandate Heaven, so true cosmic centre world. We explore here, using satellite imagery and palaeomagnetic data analysys, symbolic aspects related to astronomical alignments f...

The earliest Chinese hand scroll extant painting is the ‘Nushi zhen’ by Gu Kaizhi housed in the British Museum, which is now often considered to be a Tang Dynasty copy of the original. By compared with correlated literatures and images, the typical skill and styles in which the earliest Chinese figure painters of Jin Dynasty (AD 265-420) depicting costumes is opened out, as well as the typical ...

the safavid dynasty's government, formally of shi'ism in iran, a new style called rozeh-khaany of mourning and religious representation with poems and texts related to an event of karbala to create tekyeh, there was a mosque and endowments. these rituals to gain legitimacy in the qajar period, was followed by severe and more widespread, in this time of mourning for the social class an...