Ligand-Gated Channel Receptors. When a neurotransmitter molecule binds to a receptor that acts as a ligand-gated ion channel, a channel opens, allowing ions to flow across the membrane (see figure). The flow of positively charged ions into the cell depolarizes the portion of the membrane nearest the channel. Because this situation is favorable to the subsequent generation of an action potential...

This paper focuses on a hydraulic radius separation approach used to calculate the boundary shear stress in terms of bed and wall shear stress proposed in a trapezoidal channel. The average bed and sidewall shear stress in smooth trapezoidal open channels are derived after using Guo & Julien (2005) early equations taking a part of an investigation to cover both rectangular and trapezoidal chann...

Since the transport of biological fluids through contracting or expanding vessels is characterized by low seepage Reynolds numbers, the current study focuses on the viscous flow driven by small wall contractions and expansions of two weakly permeable walls. The scope is limited to two-dimensional symmetrical solutions inside a simulated channel with moving porous walls. In seeking an exact solu...

Despite the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant immunity, stress signaling, and development (Mori and Schroeder, 2004; Gadjev et al., 2006), the molecular identities of Ca-permeable channels responding to ROS have not been established. Here, we propose annexins as candidate channel proteins. Elevation of cytoplasmic free calcium ([Ca2+]cyt) as a regulatory step in plant immunit...