T he view that multiparty elections in changing authoritarian regimes should be held sooner rather than later has been increasingly under attack. Critics argue that, under conditions of low institutional development, multiparty elections may lead to violence and civil war, rather than to the peaceful allocation of authority that everyone desires. Starting from the premise that elections are str...

with the expression of the modernization theory as the dominant paradigmof development during the 1950s, approaches towards development were extracted from this paradigm. but with the birth of the attachment school ofthought, the modernization theory was scrutinized. for latin american countries  however,  the  attachment  school  of  thought  was  considered  amarxist ideology up until the end...

The end of the Cold War led to a large drop in world military expenditure, rising fixed costs of developing weapons because of technological changes and a reduction of national preference for domestic weapons. Alongside these developments has been an increase in concentration in the world arms industry, which at the end of the Cold War had been very unconcentrated with concentration ratios clos...

The period since September 11 attacks in 2001 has witnessed intense debates over to what extent a ―clash of civilizations‖ is inevitable. This paper argues that the ―clash of civilizations‖ thesis is a mistaken paradigm of understanding the Post-Cold War international order. While cultural and religious identities have increasingly become a source of political mobilization in the Post-Cold War ...

This paper examines changing German and Korean policies towards transborder coethnics (Germans in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, and Koreans in Japan and China) during the high Cold War and post-Cold War eras. The paper contributes to the emerging literature on transborder forms of membership and belonging by highlighting and explaining the selective, variable, contingent, conteste...

Since the dawn of the missile age, national security decisionmakers have sought to achieve a delicate balance between having a credible nuclear deterrent and ensuring the safety of nuclear weapons from unauthorized or accidental use. During the Cold War, when the United States and Russia perceived each other as a serious threat, the balance was weighted heavily toward the credibility of the det...

Frederick W. Alt Don L. Anderson Michael Ashburner Stephen J. Benkovic David E. Bloom Floyd E. Bloom Piet Borst Henry R. Bourne Michael S. Brown James J. Bull Kathryn Calame C. Thomas Caskey Dennis W. Choi John M. Coffin F. Fleming Crim Paul J. Crutzen James E. Dahlberg Robert Desimone Bruce F. Eldridge Paul T. Englund Richard G. Fairbanks Douglas T. Fearon Harry A. Fozzard Klaus Friedrich Theo...

Beginning in the mid to late 1980’s, democracy took root in most countries in the Western hemisphere. This development in conjunction with the end of the Cold War led to a revival of the OAS and the initiation of new regional security institutions. The strategic framework of the Cold War had consisted in the perception of a threat outside the hemisphere and the monopoly of the U.S. government i...

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine whether inappropriate cardiovascular responses to stressors may underlie symptoms in Gulf War veterans with chronic fatigue. METHODS Psychophysiological stress testing was performed on 51 Gulf War veterans with chronic fatigue (using the 1994 case definition of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and 42 healthy veterans. Hemodyn...

Atherosclerotic disease develops over decades, which makes it difficult to study the temporal changes in remodeling processes during initiation, progression, and destabilization of vascular lesions. The mechanisms and current concepts of atherosclerotic plaque stabilization and destabilization in literature have mainly been based on human pathological observations. The natural history of advanc...