A differential equation model of the renal countercurrent system has been developed and physiological data from nephron segments were incorporated together with recently suggested urea recycling from renal pelvis to inner medulla and, particularly, an exponential reduction in the number of collecting tubules towards the renal papilla. The role of these features for the countercurrent concentrat...

Corn stover was pretreated with lime and shock, a mechanical process that uses a shockwave to alter the biomass structure. Two pretreatments (lime-only and lime + shock) were evaluated using enzymatic hydrolysis, batch mixed-culture fermentations, and continuous countercurrent mixed-culture fermentation. In a 120-h enzymatic hydrolysis, shock pretreatment increased the glucan digestibility of s...

Abstract Green coffee processing has been hindered by low oil extraction yields from mechanical pressing and the need of using flammable hazardous solvents for defatting protein-rich cake before subsequent protein extraction. To replace use enable simultaneous lipids proteins green beans at reduced water usage, a multistage countercurrent process was scaled up 0.05 to 1.14 kg evaluated regardin...

A novel solvent extraction scheme was developed for the processing of Co-rich lithium-ion battery (LIB) leachate to a Ni–Co–Mn (NCM) sulfate mixture that can be directly used in precursor synthesis LIB cathodes. Conventional hydrometallurgical recycling spent LIBs usually aims at separation Li, Ni, Co, and Mn into pure fractions, which is simplified here. Operating pH number stages each were ev...

1. From ox plasma incubated with pepsin a highly purified pepsitensin has been isolated by fractional precipitation, solvent extraction, column chromatography, countercurrent distribution and paper chromatography. 2. Comparison of the properties of this substance with those of synthetic valyl-5 angiotensin I showed: (a) the same specific pressor activity; (b) the same amino acid composition; (c...