S ince the discovery of X-rays in 1895, the applications of radiation in medicine have broadened tremendously in scope. Three specialties have emerged during the last 50 years; namely, diagnostic radiology, therapeutic radiology, and nuclear medicine. Nowadays, these specialties are established worldwide in clinical practice with board certification, and in education, training, and research, al...

today radiology and imaging are the only and main method to generate geometrical data from body. 3d model of the body will give us the best and reliable information for better understanding and diagnostic. on the other hand with development of cad/cam and rapid prototyping, the 3d printers were born to build 3d models without considering the geometry. today the 3d printers are able to makes a 3...

In 2012, the American Board of Medical Specialties announced a new dual primary certificate in interventional radiology (IR) and diagnostic radiology. This dual primary training and certification demonstrates how the role of the interventional radiologist has shifted. The primary intent of this new pathway is to provide a broader and more in-depth experience in the clinical diagnosis and care o...