This paper investigates the impacts of cap-and-trade (CAT) regulation on a three-echelon closed-loop supply chain network (CLSCN) that consists suppliers, high-emission and low-emission manufacturers, demand markets carbon trading centers. The presented CLSCN model includes both product subnets. Combining variational inequality theory (VI) with complementary theory, we first characterize optima...

Nowadays, researches pay more attention to environmental concerns consisted of various communities. This study proposes a multi-echelon, multi-period closed-loop supply chain (CLSC). A comprehensive model considers the selection of selection of technology and environmental effects. The supply chain is under a build-to-order (BTO) environment. So, there is not a final product inventory. Also, th...