Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been used to study cortical input to the respiratory system in unanaesthetized baboons. Single magnetic pulse caused usually a short-latency excitation with subsequent inhibition in stimulated inspiratory phase and change in the amplitude and timing of the respiratory cycle. The results suggest that cortical information is processed by the medullary pattern...

This paper concerns the ethics of human neuromodulation using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We examine the challenges of modulating the brain with TMS through the research ethics lens and in clinical medicine for treating frank pathology, primarily in psychiatric diseases. We also consider contemporary issues raised in the neuroethics literature about managing unexpected findings, an...

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We describe the effects of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) on an individual who, following right hemisphere stroke, is unable to copy figures accurately. His copies contain most of the constituent elements, but are poorly integrated and drawn in a seemingly haphazard manner. To test whether GVS could help overcome these difficulties, we administered the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure copy ...

The use of electrical stimulation in the treatment of dysphagia has received much scientific scrutiny in the past decade. The method is widely used as a treatment tool within the therapeutic arsenal of dysphagia therapists. This literature review lists most publications on the subject and adds clarifying comments to some. Lower level studies such as case reports, user surveys and expert opinion...

Epidural electrical stimulation has been applied in clinics for many years. However, there is still a concern about possible injury to spinal nerves. This study investigated electrical field and current density distribution during direct epidural electrical stimulation. Field distribution models were theoretically deduced, while the distribution of potentials and current were analyzed. The curr...

Locoregional therapy is playing an increasingly important role in the non-surgical management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The novel technique of non-thermal electric ablation by nanosecond pulsed electric field has been recognized as a potential locoregional methodology for indicated HCC. This manuscript explores the most recent studies to indicate its unique anti-tumor immune response. ...

OBJECTIVE During transcranial electrical stimulation, current passage across the scalp generates voltage across the scalp surface. The goal was to characterize these scalp voltages for the purpose of validating subject-specific finite element method (FEM) models of current flow. APPROACH Using a recording electrode array, we mapped skin voltages resulting from low-intensity transcranial elect...

Electrical stimulation to the vastus medialis muscle of a patient with chronically subluxing patellae prevented dislocation of the left patella during its application. No effect could be demonstrated while the stimulator was off. Other clinicians may, nonetheless, wish to adopt the method described in this article for assessing the efficacy of electrical stimulation on patellar dislocation, bot...

This study determined the most efficient parameters of low-frequency/long-pulse gastric electrical stimulation (GES) required to entrain gastric slow waves and also evaluated the effect of entrainment and high-frequency, short-pulse GES on gastric electrical activity (GEA). Nine dogs were fitted with stimulation wires along the greater curvature. Entrainment was observed in six or seven animals...