Transcutaneous electrical stimulation using kilohertz-frequency alternating current (AC) became popular in the 1950s with the introduction of "interferential currents," promoted as a means of producing depth-efficient stimulation of nerve and muscle. Later, "Russian current" was adopted as a means of muscle strengthening. This article reviews some clinically relevant, laboratory-based studies t...

Chetan Nayak, Kirill Shtengel, Dror Orgad, Matthew P. A. Fisher, and S. M. Girvin Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4575 Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-4030 D...

Electrical networks provide a natural model to study transport processes such us dielectric breakdown and metal insulator transition in disordered inhomogeneous conductors. We present a calculation for current distribution on an infinite hyper-cubic network due to an external applied current. This is used to compute, analytically, the redistribution of current due to variations in the conductan...

Electrical synapses are the functional correlate of gap junctions and allow transmission of small molecules and electrical current between coupled neurons. Instead of static pores, electrical synapses are actually plastic, similar to chemical synapses. In the thalamocortical system, gap junctions couple inhibitory neurons that are similar in their biochemical profile, morphology, and electrophy...

In this paper, the electrical performance of double gate organic field effecttransistor (DG-OFET) are thoroughly investigated and feasibility of the deviceas an efficient biosensor is comprehensively assessed. The introduced deviceprovides better gate control over the channel, yielding better charge injectionproperties from source to channel and providing higher on-state...

This brief presents an integrated solution to over-current protection in neuromuscular stimulators. The proposed approach provides fast detection of a single-fault condition, i.e., unintentional electrode short circuit or malfunction the stimulator, thereby preventing prolonged high-intensity currents from flowing into tissues. In addition, programmable current threshold enables system be also ...