There appears to be three, perhaps related, ways of approaching the nature of vacuum energy. The first is to say that it is just the lowest energy state of a given, usually quantum, system. The second is to equate vacuum energy with the Casimir energy. The third is to note that an energy difference from a complete vacuum might have some long range effect, typically this energy difference is int...

Cluster based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely used for better performance in terms of energy efficiency. Efficient use of energy is challenging task of designing these protocols. Energy holed are created due to quickly drain the energy of a few nodes due to non-uniform distribution in the network. Normally, energy holes make the data routing failure when nodes transmit data bac...

The hybrid quarkonium states are studied using the Born-Oppenheimer expansion. The first step in this expansion is the determination of the energy levels of the gluons in the presence of a static quark-antiquark pair as a function of the quark-antiquark separation. The spectrum of such gluonic excitations is determined from first principles using lattice QCD.

We estimate the correction to the Cooper-pair box energy level splitting due to the quantum motion of a coupled micromechanical gate electrode. While the correction due to zero-point motion is very small, it should be possible to observe thermal motion-induced corrections to the photon-assisted tunneling current.