non-verbal communication (nvc) plays a major role in various aspects of human life (andersen, 2004; cameron, 2001; johnstone, 2008). children learning their first language come to realize non-verbal communication as their socialization process takes place (fletcher & german, 1990; ingram, 1996; owens, 2001). however, most efl learners may have little exposure to these non-verbal aspects of ...

multiple intelligences (mi), second/foreign (l2) proficiency and gender are postulated to contribute to language learning strategies (lls). this study, first, examined whether there was any relationship between iranian efl learners’ lls, on the one hand, and their mi, l2 proficiency, on the other hand. in so doing, it explored the relationship of the overall l2 strategy as well as individual st...

Previous studies have found quantity of exposure, i.e., frequency of exposure (Horst et al., 1998; Webb, 2008; Pellicer-Sánchez and Schmitt, 2010), is important for second language (L2) contextual word learning. Besides this factor, context constraint and L2 proficiency level have also been found to affect contextual word learning (Pulido, 2003; Tekmen and Daloglu, 2006; Elgort et al., 2015; Ma...

1. Introduction The paper discusses the application of a computational technique to tag a corpus containing Finnish Australian English automatically and to analyze the frequency vectors of part-of-speech (POS) trigrams using a permutation test (Nerbonne & Wiersma 2006). Our general goal is to detect the linguistic sources of the syntactic variation between two groups, the " adults " , who had r...

Bilingual language production requires that speakers recruit inhibitory control (IC) to optimally balance the activation of more than one linguistic system when they produce speech. Moreover, the amount of IC necessary to maintain an optimal balance is likely to vary across individuals as a function of second language (L2) proficiency and inhibitory capacity, as well as the demands of a particu...

This study used a new computational linguistics tool, the Coh-Metrix, to investigate and measure the differences in cohesion and lexical network density between native speaker and non-native speaker writing, as well as to investigate L2 proficiency level differences in cohesion and lexical network density. This study analyzed data from three corpora with the Coh-Metrix: the International Corpus...

This paper examines the intricate relationship between working memory (WM) capacity and inhibitory control as a function of both L2 proficiency and age. In both its design and research questions, this study closely follows Gass & Lee's work, where both L1 and L2 Reading Span Tasks (as measures of WM capacity) and L1 and L2 Stroop interference tasks (to measure inhibitory control) were admin...