We live in a very complex world where we face complex phenomena such as social norms and new technologies. To deal with such phenomena, social scientists often use reductionism approach where they reduce them to some lower-lever variables and model the relationships among them through a scheme of equations. This approach that is called equation based modeling (EBM) has some basic weaknesses in ...

some believe that there is always a link between happiness and an individual health. this paper addresses a research question as: how does a leader’s spiritual beliefs and spiritual practices affects on happiness as perceived by ones followers. in this study, it was constructed an original model to carry out a research analysis at some universities in isfahan. the main objective of the research...

Agent-based simulation is increasingly used to analyze the performance of complex systems. In this paper we describe results of our work on one specific agent-based model, showing how it can be validated against the equation-based model from which it was derived, and demonstrating the extent to which it can be used to derive additional results over and above those that the equation-based model ...

entrepreneurship is the driving force behind the economy of any country. it is strongly believed that without entrepreneurial activities the process of agricultural development will not be achieved. this requires the proper transformation of capital and skill. the agricultural students should possess creativity in order for them to be able to start new businesses. however with the support of th...

background: academic optimism about teachers is a new construct. the objective of this study was investigation of primary school teachers' academic optimism and organizational citizenship behavior in shiraz city. methods: the method of this study was descriptive and correlational study. the population of this study were all teachers (men and women) working in the 1391-1392 school year in public...