It has been known that people, after being exposed to sentences generated by an artificial grammar, acquire implicit grammatical knowledge and are able to transfer the knowledge to inputs that are generated by a modified grammar. We show that a second order recurrent neural network is able to transfer grammatical knowledge from one language (generated by a Finite State Machine) to another langu...

What kinds of knowledge underlie the use of language and how is this knowledge acquired? Linguists equate knowing a language with knowing a grammar. Classic "poverty of the stimulus" arguments suggest that grammar identification is an intractable inductive problem and that acquisition is possible only because children possess innate knowledge of grammatical structure. An alternative view is eme...

Optical Music Recognition is a form of document analysis for which a priori knowledge is particularly important. Musical notation is governed by a substantial set of rules, but current systems fail to use them adequately. In complex scores, existing systems cannot overcome the well-known segmentation problems of document analysis, due mainly to the high density of music information. This paper ...

Previous research on artificial grammar has indicated that the human ability to classify sentences or letter strings according to grammaticality relies on two types of knowledge. One is a superficial, familiarity-based understanding of a grammar the other is the knowledge of rules and critical features underlying a grammar. The fundamentally different characteristics of these systems permit an ...

Theories of natural language syntax often characterize grammatical knowledge as a form of abstract computation. This paper argues that such a characterization is correct, and that fundamental properties of grammar can and should be understood in terms of restrictions on the complexity of possible grammatical computation, when defined in terms of generative capacity. More specifically, the paper...

Structure analysis of table form document is important because printed documents and also electronical documents only provide geometrical layout and lexical information explicitly. To handle these documents automatically, logical structure information is necessary. In this paper, we first propose a general representation of table form document based on XML, which contains both structure and lay...

Introduction Grammar is the description of the regularities in a language. Knowledge of these regularities provides the learner with the means to generate potentially enormous number of original sentences. Grammar teaching can proceed in two ways: covert grammar teaching where the rules are taught to a communicative syllabus and overt grammar teaching where the rules of grammar are presented ex...

In the anusaaraka systems, the load between the human reader and the machine is divided as follows: language-based analysis of the text is carried out by the machine, and knowledge-based analysis or interpretation is left to the reader. The machine uses a dictionary and grammar rules, to produce the output. Most importantly, it does not use world knowledge to interpret (or disambiguate), as it ...

Grammar convergence is a lightweight verification method for establishing and maintaining the correspondence between grammar knowledge ingrained in all kinds of software artifacts, e.g., object models, XML schemas, parser descriptions, or language documents. The central idea is to extract grammars from diverse software artifacts, and to transform the grammars until they become syntactically ide...