In the mound stage of Dictyostelium discoideum, pre-stalk cells sort and form a tip at the apex. How this pattern forms is as yet unknown. A cellular level model allows us to simulate both differential cell adhesion and chemotaxis, to show that with differential adhesion only, pre-stalk cells move to the surface of the mound but form no tip. With chemotaxis driven by an outgoing circular wave o...

Surface contaminants, such as powder and thin film on various solid surfaces, were analyzed by ATR FT-IR microspectroscopy. An ATR accessory consisting of a miniature-Ge IRE with contact area smaller than 50 microm, in diameter was fabricated and employed for a non-destructive characterization. The IRE was pre-aligned and fixed onto a 15x Schwarzschild-Cassegrain infrared objective. Easy maneuv...

Seeds collected at different maturation stages vary in physiological quality and patterns of protective antioxidant systems against deterioration. In this study we investigated the expression of genes that codify catalase (CAT), dismutase superoxide (SOD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) during the pre- and post-physiological maturation phases in whole seeds and in endosperms and embryos extracted...

since data envelopment analysis (dea) introduced in 1970s, it has been widely applied to measure the efficiency of a wide variety of production and operation systems. recently dea has been extended to examine the efficiency of decision making units (dmus) with two-stage network structures or processes, where the outputs from the first stage are intermediate measures that make up the inputs of t...

This letter presents a novel atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanomanufacturing method combining the tip scanning with the high-precision stage movement to fabricate nanochannels with ladder nanostructure at the bottom by continuous scanning with a fixed scan size. Different structures can be obtained according to the matching relation of the tip feeding velocity and the precision stage movi...

This study was conducted  to evaluate the antifungal effects of garlic (Allium sativum) and wormwood (Artemisia sieberia) 80-85% purity ethanolic extracts on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs incubation and larvae survival rate. The experimental group divided to three different doses of garlic (50,100,200 ppm), wormwood (25, 50, 100 ppm), green malachite (2 ppm) as positive control group...

Abstract Background Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis is an important carbon fixation pathway especially in arid environments because it leads to higher water-use efficiency compared C3 and C4 plants. However, the role of DNA methylation regulation CAM not fully understood. Results Here, we performed temporal methylome transcriptome analysis non-photosynthetic (white base) photo...