An efficient encoding approach by separating background/foreground videos from a single video is proposed for surveillance applications. The required bit-rate becomes less than a half of that by a standard H.264 approach. The reduction comes from the employment of the low resolution background pictures with a low frame-rate. In addition, the foreground video is automatically handled so that the...

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of pairwise F-closedness in bitopological spaces. This space contains both of pairwise strongcompactness and pairwise S-closedness and contained in pairwise quasi H-closedness. The characteristics and relationships concerning this new class of spaces with other corresponding types are established. Moreover, several of its basic and important...

A closed subgroup H of the affine, algebraic group G is called observable if G/H is a quasi-affine algebraic variety. In this paper we define the notion of an observable subgroup of the affine, algebraic monoid M . We prove that a subgroup H of G is observable in M if and only if H is closed in M and there are “enough” H-semiinvariant functions in k[M ]. We show also that a closed, normal subgr...

Let S be a discrete semigroup, m (S) the space of all bounded real functions on S with the usualsupremum norm. Let Acm (S) be a uniformly closed left invariant subalgebra of m (S) with 1 c A. We say that A is extremely left amenable if there isamultiplicative left invariant meanon A. Let P = {h ?A: h =|g-1,g | forsome g ?A, s ?S}. It isshown that . A is extremely left amenable if and only ...

Let H be an integral domain, and let Σ be a collection of integrally closed overrings of H. We show that if A is an overring of H such that H = ( T R∈Σ R)∩A, and if Σ is a Noetherian subspace of the space of all integrally closed overrings of H, then there exists a weakly Noetherian subspace Γ of integrally closed overrings of H such that H = ( T R∈Γ R) ∩ A, and no member of Γ can be omitted fr...

A subgroup H of a residually finite-p group G is almost p-closed in G if H has finite p′-index in ̄̄ H, its closure with respect to the pro-p topology on G. We characterise polycyclic residually finite-p groups in which all subgroups are almost p-closed and discuss a few conditions that are sufficient for particular subgroups H to be almost p-closed. We also present, for each prime p, an example...

background: the most favorable feature of nickel-titanium (ni-ti) alloys in orthodontics is producing constant forces in a wide deformation range. ni-ti closed coils produce compressive strength and can be used for several purposes such as space closure. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the aging process (temperature changes and prolonged strain) on ni-ti closed coils and to...

Let $H$ and $K$ be compact subgroups of locally compact group $G$. By considering the double coset space $Ksetminus G/H$, which equipped with an $N$-strongly quasi invariant measure $mu$, for $1leq pleq +infty$, we make a norm decreasing linear map from $L^p(G)$ onto $L^p(Ksetminus G/H,mu)$ and demonstrate that it may be identified with a quotient space of $L^p(G)$. In addition, we illustrate t...

Let $\mathcal C$ be a class of Hausdorff topological semigroups which contains all zero-dimensional semigroups. A semigroup $X$ is called C$-$closed$ if closed in each $Y\in \mathcal containing as discrete subsemigroup; $projectively$ for congruence $\approx$ on the quotient $X/_\approx$ C$-closed. $chain$-$finite$ any infinite set $I\subseteq X$ there are elements $x,y\in I$ such that $xy\noti...