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A survey questionnaire designed to determine mariner knowledge and awareness of endangered whales, existing conservation measures, and mariner receptivity to near real-time conservation technology on the bridge is herein reported. The survey, distributed by the Shipping Federation of Canada, yielded 43 responses. The majority of respondents were interested in receiving information on endangered...

According to a common view among Muslim philosophers, a moral agent has free will if and only if she is able to do an action when she wants to and is able to avoid it when she wants otherwise. Implicit in this view is the Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP). On the other hand, according to this view, free will is dependent on requirements such as conception, judgement, tendency, decisi...

fakhr al-dīn al-rāzī, theologian and philosopher of the 12th centuriy (1148-1209), has a huge literary production in many scholary disciplines of his time. nothwithstanding some original ideas which are mostly found in his theological and philosophical writings, most of his other works are compilations based on other sources. some of these sources still exist, while most of the others seem to h...

arthur schopenhauer, in four aspects root of the principle of sufficient reason, criticized kant’s interpretation of causality, which is written in the second analogy contained in the section of principles of pure understanding. these criticisms express themselves along three main axes. by considering these criticisms, this article seeks to defend kant’s account and to show that schopenhauer di...