embryonic stem cells (escs) are originally derived from the icm of blastocysts and are characterized by their ability to self-renew and their pluripotencies. only a few reports have been published on esc isolations and line establishment in animals, even fewer in horses. however, it is still important to isolate equine escs for animal biotechnology and therapeutic applications. in the present s...

substitution at codon ser315 of katg gene, a reliable marker for isoniazid (inh) resistance and proliferate in spite of the loss of cell wall is called an l- form. unstable l- forms can convert to normal cells but stble l-forms can not.cell wall - deffective state may be induced spontaneously or through the action of an appropriate agent such as antibiotic interfering with the synthesis of cell...

A physiological critique of the bit method of control led to the conclusion that it was contraindicated, counterproductive, and cruel. The evidence indicated that the bit constituted a welfare problem, a hazard to the health of horse and rider, and a handicap to performance. It has long been known that the bit has many pernicious effects on the horse’s mouth but its wideranging and baleful infl...

Equine practitioners must be disappointed when they read conference reports on clinical problems with which they are familiar and learn that the research is incomplete and solutions are not in sight. As “more research is needed’ is the conclusion to so many research reports, it seems a pity not to announce the good news when a solution to a problem has been discovered. It is especially a pity w...

background: west nile virus (wnv) is a vector-borneagent that is maintained within a bird-mosquito cycle. in humansand equids, infection by this agent is usually asymptomatic, orcharacterized by a mild febrile illness. however, fatal meningoencephalitisor encephalitis may occur. objectives:the aim ofthis study was to evaluate the prevalence of wnvinfection andcorrelation of this organism with h...

19 The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the influence of rein contact and 20 the movement of the rider’s hand on the horse’s behaviour, analysing data on horses ridden 21 in two different head and neck positions. We hypothesized that the rider’s hand movements 22 and rein tension generate behavioural responses from the horse, and more so when ridden 23 on the bit compared to fre...