Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treated wood has been most widely used in North America since the 1970s for many exterior applications such as decks, fences, playground equipment, utility poles, and others. A large volume of CCA-treated wood is currently coming out of service. Traditional disposal methods such as landfilling and incineration are not without adverse environmental outcomes. Recyc...

conditional monitoring is prerequisite to prevent severe damage or falling down the trees. problems such as trunk decays, reduces trees resistance against wind and floods. in this study, a mathematical modeling technique is being selected to determine the trees strength against such events. finally, an applicable model for safety factor was created by having numeral (dimensions of crown and tru...

A 6 week study was conducted to assess the effects of wood betony (WB), Stachys lavandulifolia extract on growth performance, hematological and biochemical parameters of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Different levels of the WB extract (0, 2, 4 and 8 % weight per weight, W/W, 0WB, 2WB, 4WB and 8WB) in the diet were used. The results showed that final weight and weight gain were significantly imp...

Using a spatially explicit forest management model called OPTIONS simulation analyses are conducted to investigate the impact of intensive management practices, rotation age, and harvest level on long-term wood production, harvest opportunities, and resource sustainability. The initial forest inventory is compiled from datasets of the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory Analysis Unit, various ...

investigation on structure and dynamics of natural forest ecosystems is an important issue for silvicultural decisions. the aim of this study is to analysis dynamics and structure of a beech stand during 5-year period in the shast kalateh forest in the caspian region, north of iran. data were collected from a 16.9ha permanent research plot established in a natural unlogged stand in 2006. all li...

expansive behavior is usually observed in soils, which contain fractions of clay minerals in their composition. water absorption of clay particles and change of natural water content of soil up to plastic limit and down to shrinkage limit will cause significant volume change in expansive soils and will result in severe damages to the structures, buildings and foundations. swelling potential is ...

Intensive livestock management impacts forest and trees in different ways. Pig manure is a major source of nitrogen (N) pollution surface ground waters some European regions such as north-eastern Spain, but it understudied how application agroforestry systems. How pig affects tree radial growth the N cycle was assessed by measuring concentrations soil, leaves wood δ15N tree-ring two species wid...