The oculocardiac reflex was quantitatively studied in 15 patients with strabismus. The reflex was observed in all patients when the medial rectus and inferior oblique muscles were stretched; the medial rectus muscle had a lower threshold than the inferior oblique. Bradycardia was evoked in 7 of the 15 patients when the lateral rectus was tractioned with tensions of 50 g and 600 g. The oculocard...

A 44-year-old man was referred to our department with diplopia, periorbital swelling and haematoma of the left eye after orbital trauma due to a punch. During the examination, mild enophthalmos, hypertropia and a total absence of infraduction were observed. An orbital computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated a left orbital floor blow-out fracture, with caudal herniation of periorbital fat and...

Introduction Rectus femoris is a spindle shaped muscle forming part of the quadriceps muscle group in the anterior compartment of the thigh. Traditionally, it is described as having two heads which arise as a straight tendon from the anterior inferior iliac spine and a reflected tendon from the ilium just above the acetabulum. Recent studies have shown that the anatomy of the muscle is more com...

The pattern of axonal terminations of individual premotoneuronal medium lead burst neurons (MLBs) has been elucidated with the help of the intraaxonal recording and horseradish peroxidase injection technique in alert behaving monkeys. These findings indicate that individual MLBs do not influence individual muscles; instead they influence groups of muscles. Horizontal medium lead burst neurons (...

PURPOSE Although the rectus abdominis and its sheath are well known structures, their development in the human fetus is poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined rectus abdominis and sheath development in semiserial horizontal sections of 18 fetuses at 5-9 weeks of gestation. RESULTS Rectus muscle differentiation was found to commence above the umbilicus at 6 weeks and extend inf...

PURPOSE To examine the number and distribution of muscle spindles in all extraocular muscles (EOMs) in humans. METHODS Thirty-six EOMs were obtained after death from three persons 67, 72, and 83 years of age. Serial sections were made throughout the length of these muscles. Consecutive sections were stained with different methods. To discriminate true spindles from false spindles, light micro...

PURPOSE To report a case of granular cell tumor as a rare orbital pathology. CASE REPORT A 50-year-old female presented with a 4-year history of diplopia, right ocular displacement and a firm nontender mass in her right lower lid. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the orbit disclosed a well-defined mass in the right inferior orbit involving the right inferior rectus. Subtotal excision of the m...

PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of transposition of the belly of the inferior oblique muscle in treating inferior oblique overaction with small angle hypertropia. METHODS The medical records of 10 patients who underwent inferior oblique belly transposition from March 2014 to July 2016 were reviewed. Transposition of the inferior oblique muscle belly consisted of suturing the entire body of t...

Understanding the functional role of the cervical muscles is important for the effective diagnosis and treatment of cervical disorders. The suboccipital muscles are targets for treatment in whiplash and chronic headache, although their function remains unclear. There are no data on suboccipital muscle fiber type composition to facilitate an understanding of their function. Suboccipital muscles ...