High morbidity and mortality of influenza virus infection makes it an important disease world-wide. Mouse is a very well-studied animal model for this disease with similar manifestation to human disease. It would be desirable to induce mucosal as well as circulating immune responses to obtain protection from infection and to decrease the spread of the virus. Cell mediated immunity (proliferativ...

background influenza type a (h1n1) causes an epidemic disease, resulting in thousands of deaths throughout the world. objectives our aim was comparing the efficacy of two different methods in isolating the influenza (h1n1) virus including cell culture and real-time pcr in tabriz and suburbs. patients and methods of throat swab samples, 220 were collected in viral transport medium (vtm) from pat...

background and aims: influenza (flu) is a respiratory infection in mammals and birds. it is caused by an rna virus in the family orthomyxoviridae. the virus is divided into three main types. influenza virus type a is found in a wide variety of bird and mammal species and can undergo major shifts in immunological properties. hemagglutinin (ha) is an important influenza virus surface antigen that...

to construct a semen bank, the collection of donated semen has to be done and an important concern is the safety of collected semen. the contamination is a big problem. basically, the infectious pathogens can exist within donated semen, hence, a good donor screening is very important. although viruses have an indirect role in sperm quality, but the evidence in banked semen is presently lack. th...

background: influenza a viruses bearing all known ha and na subtypes have been isolated from avian hosts: but only the a/h1n1,a/h2n2 and a/h3n2 influenza subtypes have been associated with widespread epidemics in humans un­til now .while influenza b detected only in humans. subtype h5 infection in humans occurred for the first time dur­ing 1997-1998 in hong kong, then china in 2003, vietnam and...

although migratory waterfowl is well known to be a major reservoir for avian influenza virus (aiv), there are only few recently published reports about the seroprevalence of aiv in this group of birds. to investigate the aiv antibody status in migratory waterfowl of iran, we collected 217 serum samples from 25 different species of waterfowl during 2003 and 2004. these serum samples were tested ...

avian influenza is an important disease of poultry with the potential to cause major epidemics resulting in significant economic losses. the presence of avian influenza viruses (aiv) in chickens in iran has not been previously reported. an avian influenza outbreak in broiler, layer and breeder farms occurred during a very hot summer in july 1998. three aiv isolates designated as 101, 102 and 10...

background and aims: influenza a viruses are important pathogens for humans especially in pandemic episodes. two adamantane derivates, amantadine and rimantadine, are used for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza a virus infections. however, single amino acid substitutions in the m2 transmembrane domain which lead to amantadine resistance of these viruses occur at residues 26, 27, 30, 31 or 3...