The effect of head position on conjugate horizontal gaze was studied in healthy adults, in patients with multiple sclerosis without eye movement signs, and in patients with downbeat nystagmus indicative of low brain stem lesions. Displacements of gaze from primary position to 30 degrees left and right were recorded using the electro-oculogram, with the head in the primary position, and turned v...

Five patients with "locked-in" syndrome and dysconjugate palsy of horizontal gaze were studied. In all cases internuclear ophthalmoplegia due to dysfunction or destruction of the median longitudinal fasciculus was combined with an ipsilateral gaze palsy, producing the "one-and-a-half" syndrome. Clinical and electro-oculographic examination suggested involvement of the paramedian pontine reticul...

BACKGROUND Walleyed bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia (WEBINO) syndrome has mainly been reported in patients with cerebrovascular diseases and multiple sclerosis, but has never been described in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. OBJECTIVE To describe a patient with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) who presented with WEBINO syndrome. DESIGN Case report and review of literatu...

BACKGROUND Capsular warning syndrome was first described in 1993, featured with repetitive episodes of motor and/or sensory dysfunction without cortical signs. Recently, it has been demonstrated that clinically typical capsular warning syndrome can be associated with pontine infarct and the term oepontine warning syndrome was coined. CASE PRESENTATION A 54-year-old woman with a history of hyp...

Recent advances in non-invasive imaging techniques of posterior circulation have demonstrated that basilar artery occlusion may have a wide spectrum of clinical presentations (1). A 79-year-old woman with chronic atrial fibrillation presented with sudden onset vertigo and diplopia. Positions of upward gaze, forward gaze, convergence, downward gaze, right gaze, and left gaze are shown from top t...