Purpose: We investigate participant behaviors and the investment performance of defined contribution (DC) plans. Design/methodology/approach: Using unique data 420,839 participants in 47,442 workplace pension schemes for small firms South Korea, we examine behavior DC Findings: find that exhibit extreme risk avoidance their management, leading to lower returns. Additionally, most choose few pro...

In this research, STNEP is being studied considering network adequacy and limitation of investment cost by decimal codification genetic algorithm (DCGA). The goal is obtaining the maximum of network adequacy with lowest expansion cost for a specific investment. Finally, the proposed idea is applied to the Garvers 6-bus network. The results show that considering the network adequacy for solution...

Most articles that discuss the economics of security focus on the use of rational choice decision models for evaluating investment alternatives. However, security investment decisions involve risk and several researchers have noted that risk related decisions often violate the fundamental principles of rational choice decision models. Accordingly, we assert that problems exist with using these ...

We consider a savings plan, where the paid capital is guaranteed at time of retirement, in the German market available as Riester-Rente and supported by federal cash payments and tax benefits. We generalize several capital guarantee mechanisms to payment plans and compare their distribution: the return distribution of a classical insurance strategy with investments in the actuarial reserve fund...

It is important to assure that antimicrobial interventions applied on/into foods to control pathogenic microorganisms are functioning properly and achieving the desired goal of preventing, reducing and/or eliminating microbial hazards associated with a defined food product. This approach is necessary both to ensure that antimicrobial interventions are having the desired positive effect on food ...