Restraint can be applied in a physical way, via medication or by more subtle means. An attempt by an individual to restrain another is legally justifiable in limited situations, for example to prevent a person committing a crime. In other circumstances, restraint is unjustifiable. It is important, from a legal and moral perspective, to ensure that nursing practice does not involve unjustifiable...

This report describes the ethical and legal aspects of assisted reproduction technology (ART) that have been instituted in Asian countries. The data were collected by a questionnaire circulated to ART units in Asia. These are Taiwan, Singapore, Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Japan, Iran, India, Jordan, Malaysia, China, Israel, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Persian Gulf countries....

behçet’s disease (bd) which is classified among vasculitides is a systemic disease with various manifestations. its clinical course is characterized by attacks and remissions. till now, two nationwide surveys of bd from iran and japan and 4 major case series from turkey, korea, morocco and england have been reported. clinical picture of bd is dominated by mucous membrane manifestations, includi...

in this article, in order to demonstrate the pragmatic elements of rawls’s viewpoint, the developmental path of his a theory of justice shall first be investigated. this development has two phases: in the first phase, justice has an ethical-philosophical basis. in a theory of justice, this phase is specifically shown under the title of theory of justice. in the second phase, justice has no phil...

The right to internal self-determination offers a legal ‘checklist’ for the UN to provide both legitimacy and sustainability to peacebuilding processes. The right both clarifies the actors of postconflict reconstruction and also concretises to what extent these actors should be incorporated into peacebuilding processes. Although the concept of local ownership has become an often-cited concept i...

How do disagreements between judges on collegial (multimember) courts affect legal policy? We address this question by developing an account of the nature of judicial disagreements in the case-space model of judicial choice. We distinguish between different types of disagreement, from disagreements about case facts to disagreements about how legal rules should treat varying case facts, and cons...

There is increasing realisation that malnutrition is a complication of many illnesses, as well as a consequence of inadequate food intake. The report summarised below, provides recommendations and principles to guide health professionals facing dilemmas concerning patients' nutrition and hydration.

one of the issues disagreed among the islamic jurists is the possibility of the actualization of justice among the people of the scripture. the renowned majority of the jurists believe in the non-actualization of justice among the disbelievers in general. this article, at first, points out the evidences of the renowned majority of the jurists on the non-actualization of justice among the people...

justice demonstrates in behavior of any person with another person and in government behavior with the people of the society. social justice is a kind of justice that expresses this concept in society. selecting the slogan of justice from modernity1 by marxism caused the social justice be the main idea in the governance of communist cities. the idea that it is different concept based of marxist...