We address the question of how to compute probability distribution time at which a detector clicks in situation $n$ nonrelativistic quantum particles volume $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}\ensuremath{\subset}{\mathbb{R}}^{3}$ physical space and detectors placed along boundary $\ensuremath{\partial}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}$ $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}$. previously [Tumulka, Ann. Phys. (NY) 4...

In Bishop's constructive mathematics, the framework of this paper, there are many situations where we cannot easily prove the existence of functional whose existence is a trivial consequence of classical logic. One such functional is the Minkowski functional of a convex absorbing set. We shall prove the existence of Minkowski functionals in various spaces, and apply the theorems to establish th...

An absorbing game is a repeated game where some of the action combinations are absorbing, in the sense that whenever they are played, there is a positive probability that the game terminates, and the players receive some terminal payoff at every future stage. We prove that every n-player absorbing game admits a correlated equilibrium. In other words, for every > 0 there exists a probability dis...

The energy absorbing capability is one of the most important aspects of crushing behavior of a structure subjected to axial impact. In this paper, a simple practical method is introduced to enhance the crushing behavior of this kind of structure. The axial impact of metallic energy absorbing thin-walled tubes with special shaped cross-section is simulated using LS-DYNA software. The effect of c...

Consider N players, respectively owning x1, x2, . . . , xN monetary units, who play a sequence of games, winning from and losing to each other integer amounts according to fixed rules. The sequence stops as soon as (at least) one player is ruined. We are interested in the ruin process of theseN players, i.e. in the probability that a given player is ruined first, and also in the expected ruin t...

The aim of this paper is the study of fuzzy $Gamma$-hyperrings. In thisregard the notion of -fuzzy hyperideals of $Gamma$-hyperrings are introduced andbasic properties of them are investigated. In particular, the representationtheorem for $nu$-fuzzy hyperideals are given and it is shown that the image of a-fuzzy hyperideal of a $Gamma$-hyperring under a certain conditions is two-valued.Finally,...

The mean first passage time (MFPT) is calculated for a Brownian particle in a bounded twoor three-dimensional domain that contains N small non-overlapping absorbing windows on its boundary. The reciprocal of the MFPT of such narrow escape problems has wide applications in cellular biology where it may be used as an effective first order rate constant to describe, for example, the nuclear export...

we consider the fundamental relation  on a semihypergroup  to interpret the lower and upper approximations as subsets of the fundamental semigroup  and we give some results in this connection. also, we introduce the notion of a bi-hyperideal to study the relationship between approximations and bi-hyperideals.

Photoinduced mediated electron transfer to N-alkylpicolinium(NAP)-based esters has previously been shown to induce release of carboxylate anions. In this mechanism, electrons are shuttled between a good electron donor through a sensitizer/mediator to the NAP group which subsequently induces C-O bond cleavage. Previous studies have used UV-absorbing mediators to initiate substrate release with h...

background: nitrogen oxides occur in the atmosphere in six forms of namely: n2o , no , no2 , n2o3, n2o4 and n2o5 .among these oxides no2 is the most important air pollutant because of its relatively high toxicity and its ubiquity in ambient air. in this research griess-saltzman method was utilized for determination of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere of different laboratories...