Zhang et al interpret the mixed-layer energy budget in models as showing that "ocean dynamics play a central role in the AMO." Here, we show that their diagnostics cannot reveal the causes of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and that their results can be explained with minimal ocean influence. Hence, we reaffirm our findings that the AMO in models can be understood primarily as the u...

Diel vertical migration of plankton has been proposed to affect global ocean circulation to a degree comparable to winds and tides. This biomixing process has never been directly observed, however, due to the inability to predict its occurrence in situ or to reproduce it in a laboratory setting. Furthermore, it has been argued that the energy imparted to the ocean by plankton migrations occurs ...

Meeting future world energy needs while addressing climate change requires large-scale deployment of low or zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emission technologies such as wind energy. The widespread availability of wind power has fueled substantial interest in this renewable energy source as one of the needed technologies. For very large-scale utilization of this resource, there are however potential ...

The state of knowledge and outstanding issues with respect to the global mean energy budget of planet Earth are described, along with the ability to track changes over time. Best estimates of the main energy components involved in radiative transfer and energy flows through the climate system do not satisfy physical constraints for conservation of energy without adjustments. The main issues rel...

North Atlantic (NA) deep-water formation and the resulting Atlantic meridional overturning cell is generally regarded as the primary feature of the global overturning circulation and is believed to be a result of the geometry of the continents. Here, instead, the overturning is viewed as a global energy–driven system and the robustness of NA dominance is investigated within this framework. Usin...

The ocean circulation is a cause and consequence of fluid scale interactions from millimeters to 10,000km. Although the wind field produces a large energy input to the ocean, all but about 10% appears to be dissipated within about 100m of the sea surface, rendering very difficult observations of the energy divergence necessary to maintain the full water column flow. Attention thus shifts to the...

[1] This paper synthesizes a variety of atmospheric and oceanic data to examine the large-scale energy budget of the Arctic. Assessment of the atmospheric budget relies primarily on the ERA-40 reanalysis. The seasonal cycles of vertically integrated atmospheric energy storage and the convergence of energy transport from ERA-40, as evaluated for the polar cap (defined by the 70 N latitude circle...

companies for survival and the presence of strong and innovative strategies are needed in the global market, thus to achieve profitable growth opportunities and create new blue ocean. blue ocean created of red ocean weakness (focusing too much on competition and lack of attention to the creation of a new market without competition) comes. while the blue ocean strategy to industries that do not ...

Article history: Received 4 July 2015 Received in revised form 4 December 2015 Accepted 10 December 2015 Available online 11 December 2015 This paper presents the time history maps of horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) of 12 long-term microtremor recordings (LTRs) in Northern Mississippi and the coastal area of Gulf of Mexico. These maps show that a stable predominant frequency (f0) v...