Diabetes is one of the most common diseases in all societies including Iran. One of its important complications is the neuropathic pain, which can be relieved by opioid drugs such as morphine. Opioid therapy is restricted due to development of tolerance and physical or mental dependence. In this study, the effect of diabetes on morphine analgesia and development of morphine tolerance and depend...

Chronic opioid-induced drug dependence and withdrawal syndrome after opioid cessation remain a severe obstacle in clinical treatment of chronic pain and opioid drug addiction. One of the key symptoms during opioid withdrawal is a state of sensitized pain. The most significant molecular adaptation induced by chronic opioids in the brain is upregulation of the cAMP-signaling pathway. Although the...

BACKGROUND In response to the growing incidence of opioid dependence, guidelines have been created, and new treatments are being developed to assist physicians in treating dependence and withdrawal of opioids. OBJECTIVE To review treatment modalities and guidelines utilized in opioid dependence. SUMMARY Guidelines for the treatment of opioid dependence have been developed by organizations s...