The essential oils of three wild-growing Thymus species, collected from west of Iran during the flowering stage, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Under the optimum extraction and analysis conditions, 44, 38, and 38 constituents (mainly monoterpenes compounds) were identified in T. kotschyanus Boiss. and ...

There are no detailed accounts of the connexions and branching of the axons of neurons in the pedal ganglia of opisthobranchs. Most of the experiments on these ganglia have been limited to cutting and stimulating nerve trunks, and using these techniques, Frohlich (1910) demonstrated the role of the pedal ganglia in inhibiting the tonic contraction of the isolated foot of Aplysia limacina. Ten C...

The secondary metabolite constituents of Glaucium aleppicum Boiss. et Hausskn. ex Boiass. (Papaveraceae) were investigated using an in-house developed Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array-High Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-PDAHRMS-MS/MS) method. In this study the powerful resolution and short analysis time afforded by UPLC coupled to the outstanding mass accuracy...

been describ neurons and neuromuscu 1989b; Satte Spencer, 1985; Satterlie et al. 1985, 1990). The pattern generator is relatively simple, producing a two-phase output that is translated into dorsal and ventral flexions of a pair of wing-like parapodia. Two forms of swimming, slow and fast, have been described which reflect plasticity in the organization of the pattern generator since the change...

In ectotherms living in cold waters, locomotory performance is constrained by a slower generation of the ATP that is needed to fuel muscle contraction. Both polar and temperate pteropods of the genus Clione, however, are able to swim continuously by flapping their parapodia (wings) at comparable frequencies at their respective habitat temperatures. Therefore, we expected polar species to have i...

The evolution and origin of functional kleptoplasty (sequestration and retention of functional plastids) within the Sacoglossa is still controversial. While some authors have suggested that it is a synapomorphy of the parapodia-bearing Plakobranchoidea, others have suggested an earlier origin at the base of the more inclusive clade Plakobranchacea. The latter is supported by the presence of kle...