In task switching studies, pre-cuing of the upcoming task improves performance, indicating preparatory activation of the upcoming task-set, and/or inhibition of the previous task-set. To further investigate cue-based task preparation, the authors presented both valid and invalid task cues in a task switching experiment involving three tasks. Consistent with previous findings, a validity effect ...

This study was aimed to compare long-term effects of collaborative and individual task planning on Persian-speaking EFL learners’ writing performance, using Brown and Bailey’s (1985) rating scale. Therefore, a group of 90 upper-intermediate EFL learners in collaborative task planning, individual task planning, and control groups took part in the study. In the experimental groups, the participan...

In task-switching paradigms, participants are often slower on incongruent than congruent trials, a pattern known as the task-rule congruency effect. This effect suggests that irrelevant task rules or associated responses may be retrieved automatically in spite of task cues. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the task-rule congruency effect may be modulated via manipulations...

Introduction Constrain Induced Language Therapy (CILT) has spurred discussion of treatment “intensity” in aphasia research, as clinicians and researchers began asking about the important features of CILT, and whether the principle of massed practice was in fact the driving force behind the treatment technique. However, as studies began addressing intensity of treatment, the need for consistent ...

abstract aim and background: the present research studied episodic and semantic memory in quran memories and non- quran memories among girl students. methods and materials: research design was based on semi-experimental design. this study included 180 quran memories, beginner and non quran memories among girl students in 3 educational grades: primary, secondary and high school were chosen by cl...

recently tasks, as the basic units of syllabi, and the cognitive complexity, as the criterion for sequencing them, have caught many second language researchers’ attention. this study sought to explore the effect of utilizing the cognitively simple and complex tasks on high- and low-proficient efl iranian writers’ linguistic performance, i.e., fluency, accuracy, lexical complexity, and structura...

1. introduction language teachers frequently observe a gap between their students' potential competence and their performance in the class. anderson (1993) attributes this to the fact that human has a limited processing capacity and is not able to attend to various aspects of a task simultaneously. this limitation causes l2 learners not to be able to focus on both meaning and form at the same t...