Inequity and power imbalances, adverse employment conditions and the lack of economic opportunities or control over assets are all manifestations of peoples' disempowerment and contribute to their poverty. This Policy Guidance Note considers the causal relationship between empowerment and pro-poor growth. It identifies eight domains of empowerment within three spheres: the economic (markets, de...

admittedly, one of the problems facing the high school education system in iran is that students do not show interest in arabic and obtain very low marks. this is specially important because arabic is the key to understanding religious texts and our literary and scientific heritage. a study of 400 high school students from various education districts in the city of mashhad, using a cluster samp...

One of the most important causes of environmental pollution is certainly an inadequate waste management. The three factors that have primarily influenced this problem area are: ever increasing amount of municipal solid waste (which causes increasingly pronounced space occupation), increasing amount and types of hazardous waste, as well as lack of awareness on the importance of acting promptly i...

The media varied and spread greatly in the last two decades; Where satellites according to development of technology visual broadcasting, accompanied at same time by radio digital with their various tools, decline printed media, not only that, but also alternative exchange for weakness official all its which led a rapid political information diversity sources means transmission ability monitor ...

Article history: Received 7 August 2014 Received in revised form 20 June 2015 Accepted 29 June 2015 Available online 9 July 2015 This study investigates whether a firm with strong corporate governance (CG) requires political connections (PCs), that is, we examine whether CG and PC substitute for or complement each other. Using 71,069 individual bank loan contracts from Taiwan, we examine how lo...

In two studies, we examined the relationship between resistance to heteronormativity and political engagement among heterosexuals. In the first, we examined the relationship between awareness of heterosexual privilege, resistance to heteronormativity, and engagement in lesbian and gay rights activism among contemporary heterosexual college students. As expected, women scored higher than men on ...

Scholars of political campaigns have focused on traditional mobilization efforts where a political party or interest group targets core supporters and undecided independents. Yet campaigns are increasingly targeting persuadable members of the opposition. If people are merely responding to the message, then nontraditional strategies could be effective despite the fact that it is delivered by an ...

An understanding of community development in resource-based areas must begin with an awareness of what a community is and how it develops. In this article I provide a conceptual foundation for operational definitions of community and community development. The proposed working definitions are grounded in sociological theory and empirical research. This endeavor is timely since so much of our so...