• Differentiate the types of diabetes mellitus and their respective risk factors in pregnancy. • Compare insulin requirements during pregnancy, postpartum, and with lactation. • Identify maternal and fetal risks or complications associated with diabetes in pregnancy. • Develop a plan of care for the pregnant woman with pregestational or gestational diabetes. • Explain the effects of thyroid dis...

BACKGROUND Although periconceptional glycemic control directly impacts perinatal outcome for pregestational diabetic women, these women still frequently enter pregnancy with suboptimal control of glycemia. OBJECTIVES To determine how frequently diabetic women enter pregnancy with suboptimal glycemic control and to identify factors associated with not achieving optimal periconceptual control o...

Background Risk factors for congenital limb deficiencies are poorly understood. Objective To investigate risk deficiencies. Methods We conducted a nationwide population-based case–control (1:5) study in Finland, using national registers on anomalies, births, and induced abortions, cross-linked with data maternal prescription medicine use obtained from the Reimbursed Drug Purchases Medical Speci...