Coercive authority is central to the law inforcement, and discretionary use of police a decision-making process, as officers evaluate situations in which they intervene choose course action from among set alternatives. This article investigates analytical synthesis aspects wide range sources, considering enforcement dual perspective: legal discretion kind process. research applied classical met...

Res judicata is a quasi-universal principle, present in every modern European legal system. Although it understood very different ways Civil Law and Common traditions, plays remarkably similar role both. This notably due to the fact that res based on overarching aims all procedural systems: public interest ensuring finality of litigation authority courts, protection litigants’ rights. It necess...

Defiance can be a powerful mechanism of protest against police oppression. At the same time, citizen defiance to authority is problematic for and cause injury both officers public. Research shows that some groups people defy more than others, often represents reaction disenfranchisement, bias unfair treatment. For example, Black Lives Matter movement has highlighted Black, First Nations peoples...