all political institutions should obey public law and be legitimated by the mass. in this article there is a conceptual differentiation between »protecting political system theory «(p.p.s.t) and »public law«, and others  referring to the islamic principles try give an answer to these question: what is the relationship between protecting political system duty and necessity of practicing »public ...

The primary determinants of public health are political. Comparisons among countries have shown that the importance of public health within public institutions and the priorities given by those institutions depend on the power relations in existence in that society. Authors who attribute the limited influence of public health in the United States to the public's limited understanding of the iss...

Helping to reduce vulnerability poses a new set of challenges for public policy. A starting point is understanding the ways that communities and extended families try to cope with difficulties in the absence of public interventions. Coping mechanisms range from the informal exchange of transfers and loans within families and communities to more structured institutions that enable an entire comm...

This paper investigates domestic and foreign innovating firms’ determinants of R&D collaboration with domestic universities and public knowledge institutes in Finland and the Netherlands. We put particular emphasis on the impact of incoming academic spillovers on the probability to co-operate with these public R&D institutes. Based on data from Community Innovation Surveys we find that foreign ...

In recent years, the publicly controlled sector has accounted for about 67 percent of all students in four-year institutions of higher education, whereas in 1897 the figure was only 22 percent.' The transition was early and swift, however, for on the eve of the United States' entry into World War II almost 50 percent of all students were in public-sector institutions. Thus, by 1940 more than 60...

OBJECTIVES Undergraduate public health education has received growing attention in recent years. This includes a Washington Post article referring to undergraduate public health education as a "hot field" for a global generation, the Critical Component Elements of an Undergraduate Major in Public Health developed by the Association of School and Programs in Public Health (ASPPH), and a recent r...

OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiological features and patterns of initial care for prostate cancer at public and private institutions in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1,082 physicians affiliated to the Sao Paulo Section of the Brazilian Society of Urology were invited to participate in this cross-sectional, web-based survey. Between September 2004 and Septe...

To foster the secure use of telematic services provided by public institutions, most European countries – and others in the rest of the world – are promoting electronic identification systems among their citizens to enable fully reliable identification. However, in today’s globalized environment, it is becoming more common for citizens and entities of a given country, with their own electronic ...