Although there are no clinical findings that are exclusive to multiple sclerosis (MS), but some are highly specific of the disease. Optic neuritis (ON) and Sensory symptoms are common initial features of MS (1, 2). Optic neuritis is an inflammation of the optic nerve that usually first occurs in young and in many cases are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), also can occur in isolation. In...

The Materia Medica works of Rhazes, (vol2 of Canon), Al-Biruni (Kitab as -Saidana), Abu Mansur (Haqaiq al-Adwiya), Gorgani (Vol 9 and 10 of Zahira-e-Harazmsahi), Ansari Shirazi (Ihtiyarat-e-Bdi i), Hakim Mu min (Tuhfa) and Aqili Hurasani (Aqrabuzin-e Kabir) and others are the most important works of Islamic and Iranian physicians on Natural Drugs. The systematic pharmacognostical, pharmacologic...

theistic philosophers have special view on human nature. they define it in terms of rational faculty and thus regard human final perfection and ultimate felicity dependent on the activity of this faculty and actualization of it. there are philosophers, such as plato, plotinus, and zakariya al-razi (rhazes), who maintain explicitly that human felicity is based on his becoming philosopher. other ...

Objective: One of the most common global disorders is related to gastrointestinal system. Functional dyspepsia (FD) defined as upper abdominal pain and discomfort in the absence of organic ailments is a prevalent disease without any confirmed medication. The purpose of this study was to find gastric disorders which might be coincidental to FD based on traditional Persian medicine (TPM). Materia...

Cancer is one of the most important diseases from ancient time, which is mentioned by early Islamic and Iranian physicians such as Rhazes, Avicenna, Akhawaini and Jorgani. They knew the different kind of cancer and have distinguished between various kind of normal tumors and cancertumors. Jorgani explains well the organs which are susceptible to become cancer and mentions, that by the women it ...

agriculture" (pp. 193-267), "Medicine". including pharmacology (pp. 269-357), and "Sociology" (pp. 359-365). This volume is printed on good-quality paper, and is beautifully bound in glossy paper covers. One could easily appreciate the amount of work that was put into the preparation of the manuscripts of this volume, and in seeing them through the press. This review only covers the section tha...

Among the brilliant contributors to the sciences of medicine, pharmacy, and chemstry during the Iranian era was one genius who seems to stand for his time- the Persian, Razi, (about 865-925 AD), called Rhazes by the western world. The most important authorship of Razi is the "contines" (Alhavi) that in fact, it is a medical encyclopedia and there is the describtion of all the illnesses, the way...

Cancer is one of the most important diseases from ancient time, which is mentioned by early Islamic and Iranian physicians such as Rhazes, Avicenna, Akhawaini and Jorgani. They knew the different kind of cancer and have distinguished between various kind of normal tumors and cancertumors. Jorgani explains well the organs which are susceptible to become cancer and mentions, that by the women it ...