Objectives. To assess visually color-matching and blending-effect (BE) of a universal shade bulk-fill-resin-composite placed in resin-composite-models with different shades and cavity sizes and in natural teeth (extracted and patients' teeth). Materials and Methods. Resin-composite-discs (10 mm × 1 mm) were prepared of universal shade composite and resin-composite of shades: A1, A2, A3, A3.5, a...

(Seedling growth of fifteen Brazilian tropical tree species differing in successional status). Growth of seedlings of fifteen tropical tree species representative, at the adult stage, of different successional positions, was studied under field conditions. Seedlings were grown in three treatments: full sun (FS), artificial shade imposed by neutral screens (AS) and natural shade imposed by a clo...

Water deÞcit and shade stress in weed-infested crops could alter plant growth and biochemistry and feeding and oviposition by the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exiguaHübner. Palmer amaranthpigweed,Amaranthus palmeriS.Wats.,was grownunder 25%of fullwatering(waterdeÞcit), 30% of full light (shade), or combined stress. All treatments decreased plant height andweight. Shade and combined stresses decrea...

Shade avoidance is an ecologically and molecularly well-understood set of plant developmental responses that occur when the ratio of red to far-red light (R:FR) is reduced as a result of foliar shade. Here, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in Arabidopsis thaliana was used to identify variants underlying one of these responses: increased hypocotyl elongation. Four hypocotyl phenotypes were...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Covering whole vines with shade cloth is used to protect the vines from heat stress, but may have costs on vine productivity through reduced light availability. Our aim was to assess the carbon balance of vines growing with and without shade to quantify the impact of the covering. METHODOLOGY Whole vines were covered with 70 % shade cloth, and shoot leaf area and leaf, ste...

L-SHADE is an algorithm based on differential evolution wich automatically adapts the parameters related to mutation (F ) and crossover (CR) using a parameter memory. L-SHADE also controls the population size (NP ) with a linear function. In this work, a constrainthandling technique is added to L-SHADE to optimize three four-bar

This paper presents the use of multitemporal remote sensing data for monitoring land cover changes in Acre State, Brazilian Amazônia. The 2000 Landsat ETM+, the 1990 Landsat TM, and 1980 Landsat MSS were used. The 2005 and 2007 MODIS images were also used to map deforestation occurred during the recent years and to map burned areas occurred in the 2005 dry year. The Landsat and MODIS images wer...

The carbon balance is defined here as the partitioning of daily whole-plant gross CO2 assimilation (A) in C available for growth and C required for respiration (R). A scales positively with growth irradiance and there is evidence for an irradiance dependence of R as well. Here we ask if R as a fraction of A is also irradiance dependent, whether there are systematic differences in C-balance betw...

BACKGROUND The promotion of cacao agroforestry is one of the ways of diversifying farmer income and creating incentives through their inclusion in REDD+ interventions. We estimated the aboveground carbon stocks in cacao and shade trees, determined the floristic diversity of shade trees and explored the possibility of implementing REDD+ interventions in cacao landscapes. Using replicated multi-s...