This paper written for IMPRINT [IMPRINT, 2001] addresses the concerns of the freight transport with respect to urban pricing schemes. The viewpoints of the transport stakeholders, the limited reaction possibilities within the goods collection and distribution processes as well as the cities interests are presented for the different pricing motivations: the fair charging of infrastructure cost, ...

Cooperation in nature is ubiquitous, but is susceptible to social cheats who pay little or no cost of cooperation yet reap the benefits. The effect such cheats have on reducing population productivity suggests that there is selection for cooperators to mitigate the adverse effects of cheats. While mechanisms have been elucidated for scenarios involving a direct association between producer and ...

The problem of determining the optimal level of output for goods and services produced by government and determining the best means of rationing these among people is an important one. The level of aggregate economic welfare depends on both the output level chosen and the mechanism used to distribute this output. Public decisions make implicit judgments on both output and rationing devices with...

A large number of 'environmental justice' studies show that wealthier people are less affected by environmental burdens and also consume more resources than poorer people. Given this double inequity, we ask, to what extent are affluent people prepared to pay to protect the environment? The analyses are couched within the compensation/affluence hypothesis, which states that wealthier persons are...

Pay-for-performance advertising schemes such as pay-per-click (PPC) and pay-per-sale (PPS) have grown in popularity with the recent advances in digital technologies for targeting advertising and measuring outcomes. However, several publishers still continue to use well-established pay-per-impression (PPI) payment schemes. Given the choice of multiple payment schemes PPI, PPC, and PPS our study ...

The evolution and maintenance of cooperation fascinated researchers for several decades. Recently, theoretical models and experimental evidence show that costly punishment may facilitate cooperation in human societies. The puzzle how the costly punishment behaviour evolves can be solved under voluntary participation. Could the punishers emerge if participation is compulsory? Is the punishment i...