Understanding the diversity of a pathogen is important for developing disease management recommendations. In Phytophthora root and stem rot–soybean pathosystem, P. sojae characterized into pathotypes based on ability to cause soybean genotypes that each contain different resistance Rps gene. To understand in an area, isolates may be recovered by baiting soil samples. this research, we compared ...

Sewage sludge is frequently applied to land. It has been shown, however, that sludges contain many toxic components and pathogenic organisms. Keratinolytic and associated non-keratinolytic fungi are considered potentially pathogenic. Our knowledge on the incidence of the fungi in the sludge environment is still insufficient. Sludge from the Bytom-Miechowice wastewater treatment plant in Upper S...

Ontario initiated a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) oral rabies vaccination (ORV) programme in 1989. This study utilized a benefit-cost analysis to determine if this ORV programme was economically worthwhile. Between 1979 and 1989, prior to ORV baiting, the average annual human post-exposure treatments, positive red fox rabies diagnostic tests and indemnity payments for livestock lost to rabies were 22...

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are known agents in pest biological control. Environmental factors can influence on populations of soil-inhabitant like EPNs agricultural lands. In the current study, after selecting a suitable study site (33.20-33.42 N and 48-48.55 E), soil sampling (250 samples) May to July 2019, infectious juveniles were extracted from samples according bait method. Accordin...

background: the heartworm disease is an infectious disease of dogs with dirofilaria immitis combined with cardiovascular and circulatory abnormalities. the heartworm disease can become a serious health risk when associated with a severe infection. in this study, a male, 8 year-old dog that died suddenly was necropsied and all tissues were examined grossly. methods: major organs including heart,...

New Zealand Journal of Ecology (1998) 22(1): 55-63 ©New Zealand Ecological Society offer any hope of reducing numbers to any great extent in the near future (Barlow, Moller and Beggs, 1996; Beggs, Harris and Read, 1996). Poison-baiting is currently the only viable technique for reducing wasp density, as finding and destroying nests is very labour intensive. Trials using poison-baiting have been...

The mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa) is a fossorial rodent species endemic to the Pacific Northwest and portions of California. This herbivore inflicts millions of dollars of damage annually to forest seedling plantations. Currently, extensive trapping prior to planting is the most reliable method for reducing damage. With increasing restrictions placed on trapping, forest resource managers ne...

During the Persian Gulf war in 1991 around eight million barrels of crude oil were spilled into water. This caused a large volume of contaminated water has to move to land in particular, Khuzestan's soil. A real danger of oil pollution would be an environmental calamity, and therefore, reclamation practice on the spoil soil area to expel the oil is essential. Bioremediation methods will be surv...