the present paper aims to examine one of the technically-based approaches in the field of urban planning and urban management which started about two decades ago, and has been tested in iran over the past decade with some scientific and executive prudence. in this paper, the clue_s model, one of the models for land use changes process simulation, is used to examine its efficiency in urbanizatio...

Spatially disoriented adults flexibly conjoin geometric information (macroscopic shape) and nongeometric information (e.g., the color of a wall) to re-establish their bearings. It has been proposed that non-geometric information is incorporated into a geometric frame of reference through the use of spatial language. Support for this assumption comes from dual-task studies in which participants ...

however, it is not always clear what ‘near’ means in this context. The simplest definition, if the data being analysed consists of spatial point data, is to work with Euclidean (or straight line) distances however this is not always a reliable indicator of proximity. A number of alternative measures of proximity are possible for example travel times or travel distances based on routes on roads ...

Spatial structure in ecological communities is increasingly recognized as being important for the understanding of the processes driving communities. In ecological communities, spatial patterns are either driven by environmental factors or biotic processes. Thus to adequately understand ecological communities it is important to identify the spatial structures and then relate these patterns to u...

We show that the F-test can be both liberal and conservative in the context of a particular type of nonspherical behaviour induced by spatial autocorrelation, and that the conservative variant is more likely to occur for extreme values of the spatial autocorrelation parameter. In particular, it will wipe out the progressive one as the sample size increases.

 Spatial generalized linear mixed models are used commonly for modelling non-Gaussian discrete spatial responses. We present an algorithm for parameter estimation of the models using Laplace approximation of likelihood function. In these models, the spatial correlation structure of data is carried out by random effects or latent variables. In most spatial analysis, it is assumed that rando...