Eccentric connectivity index has been found to have a low degeneracy and hence a significant potential of predicting biological activity of certain classes of chemical compounds. We present here explicit formulas for eccentric connectivity index of various families of graphs. We also show that the eccentric connectivity index grows at most polynomially with the number of vertices and determine ...

Nowadays, the expansion of the cities is an inevitable necessity; increasing the dependence of the citizens on motor vehicles and, consequently, making development of the transportation networks a necessity rather than an option. Thus, increasing car ownership and car use has created many problems for the cities, such as increasing greenhouse gas emissions, environmental pollution, casualties o...

Fuzzy incidence graphs can be used as models for nondeterministic interconnection networks having extra node-edgerelationships. For example, ramps in a highway system may be modeled as a fuzzy incidence graph so that unexpectedflow between cities and highways can be effectively studied and controlled. Like node and edge connectivity in graphs,node connectivity and arc connectivity in fuzzy inci...

in recent years many transformations have occurred in iranian society and women and girls still have a lot of worries about comes to urban public spaces. also, due to some ambiguities in defining the domain of public space in traditional islamic cities and gaps in the knowledge related to the kurdish cities, the main problem of this paper is how we can define a participatory approach to improve...

The Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives released a study in early January highlighting the growing income disparities between the richest and poorest Canadians. Income tax files from 2007 show that the average income of the top 1% of income earners was over $400,000 compared to about $44,000 for the average Canadian, almost a tenfold difference. Those who laboured at the minimum wage earned...

BACKGROUND Communities across the United States have been reforming their zoning codes to create pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods with increased street connectivity, mixed use and higher density, open space, transportation infrastructure, and a traditional neighborhood structure. Zoning code reforms include new urbanist zoning such as the SmartCode, form-based codes, transects, transportation ...

A model of social interactions shows why and when reputation concerns may support an ‘underclass’ culture of street crime where the incentives for such behavior are otherwise weak. Those who do not gain from street crime directly nevertheless find it optimal to invest in violence and thereby build a reputation that will earn them deference from the rest of the community. Even when the fraction ...

INTRODUCTION Macro level built environment factors (eg, street connectivity, walkability) are correlated with physical activity. Less studied but more modifiable microscale elements of the environment (eg, crosswalks) may also affect physical activity, but short audit measures of microscale elements are needed to promote wider use. This study evaluated the relation of a 15-item neighborhood env...